Alternative strategies for Ducati Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternative strategies for Ducati - Essay Example Though Ducati products were well accomplished with technical excellence, as Professor Gavetti (2001) points out, the decision of the major shareholders to refocus on products other than motorcycles led way to the turn down of the company. The acquisition of Ducati by Cagiva improved the Ducati’s status in the market but eventually resulted in liquidity crisis which deprived the working capital funding of Ducati. As a result there was much delay in the payment as well as production. Ducati instead of widening its market to the production of variety of other products, it must utilize the technical excellence of its product lines for the manufacture of motor cycles. It must think of bringing up innovativeness in the design of motorcycles to attract and fascinate the customers. Women were found to contribute a major part of the customers for other motorcycle manufacturers like Harley. Hence, Ducati must pay attention to the choices of women and try to retain them as main customers . One of the key reasons for the under utilization of the Ducati’s potential and excellence was the lack of effective management strategies. Effective and well organized managerial strategies are recommendable for the development of any company and its trade. Thus Ducati must be directed by a dynamic and committed management in order to implement effective managerial strategies. The presence of a vibrant manger would eradicate the chaos and internal problems which were found to be significant barriers for the creative decision making. Identifying the real passion of people and implementing those in the production can be highly advantageous for Ducati in drawing the attention of customers and persuading them to buy the products. It is inevitable to focus on creating a good stature in the international market in order to grab the attention of customers because customer satisfaction is the ultimate objective of the modern market. As the competition is rising, Ducati must concent rate on building broader spectrum of customers by conducting effective market researches and thereby upgrading innovativeness in the production processes. According to Gavetti (11), Ducati adopted firm selection procedures and other control measures which resulted in the reduction of the number of suppliers; they hardly had any long term suppliers. Though this enhanced the quality and reliability of their products, it resulted in the increased maintenance costs. It is required to focus on the quality of products and at the same it’s important to maintain adequate number of suppliers. The choices of the sources of suppliers can be increased only by maintaining adequate number of suppliers. It is possible to choose the potential supply at affordable prices through the option of selection from a wide range of suppliers which would assist the company to increase the effectiveness of its operations. To conclude, Ducati should be up-to-date with the varying tastes and preferences o f the consumers and try to bring the identified needs to the product line. The major suggestions are listed below 1. In the given case, exhibit 5 represents that Ducati does not produce cruiser, touring or off-road bikes; instead, they mainly concentrate on bikes over 400 cc. It would only satisfy the interests of youngsters, and the majority public has been ignored. So, it is advisable that Ducati should enter the market of general types of motor cycles also. 2. Similarly, exhibit 8 indicates that sales of super-sport bikes do not show a noticeable upward trend. Hence, it is suggestible to make adequate modifications in this model after surveying consumers’

Violence in Sports - an Ethical Perspective Essay Example for Free

Violence in Sports an Ethical Perspective Essay Violence in sport has become far too commonplace. Aggressive sports such as football and hockey involve many aggressive tactics; however far too often do these aggressive tactics become overshadowed by deliberate acts of violence with the intent to cause bodily harm to an opponent. Many professional and non-profession athletes, as well as coaches, have adapted the mentality that winning is the common goal that all who participate in sport strive for and therefore feel that engaging in violent acts while competing should be permitted in achieving this goal. In sport winning is what each athlete strives for and seemingly they will consign in harmful acts of violence to achieve their goal. Former Boston Bruins player David Forbes was quoted â€Å" I just don’t see, no matter how wrong the act is, how anything that happens in an athletic contest be criminal†, (Gillespie). The mentality of being above the law that most professional athletes possess does not only affect the game in which they are playing. Many athletes who execute physical acts of violence while competing are more prone to committing such violent acts in their everyday lives, most commonly domestic violence. Harvard Law Review). Spectator violence and hooliganism are also primarily linked to the violence fans observe during sporting events. (Williams). Also, professional and amateur sport has become an integral part of our culture and society. Sports can be seen or heard, in one form or another, at any time of day or night. Professional athletes are amongst the most publicized people in the world. Thus, the words and actions of these athletes have been commonly mistaken as notions of acceptable conduct. Therefore, people, especially children, who view these acts of excessive and dangerous violence often imitate the aggressive acts they too frequently observe from professional and amateur athletes. The core of these on going problems is the lack of, or far too feeble disciplinary actions assigned to players who commit unlawful acts of violence while competing in sport. League officials must enforce harsh penalties for acts of violence during a sporting event. In more severe cases violence in sport should be treated as a criminal matter, where perpetrators can be tried and convicted in civil court. This paper will discuss the affects that violence in sport has on our society by discussing the sub branches of the Social Conflict Theory of sociology. In understanding the sociological affects of violence in sport it is possible to discuss how violence in sports affects our present day society, which closely follows Socrates’ pattern in achieving an ideal state. In applying Socrates’ pattern in achieving an ideal state along with the psychological aspects of Plato’s cardinal virtues it will be possible to come to an understanding on how to eliminate violence in sport. In conclusion, the paper will discuss why athletes, conscious of their actions or not, commit violent acts while competing by applying Psychologist Immanuel Kant’s Theory of Command Given by Reason. Unpunished acts of violence that occur while competing that goes without punishment ultimately leads to violence acts while not competing. There have been numerous accounts of athletes performing physical assault while not competing. The most prevalent form of violence carried out by athletes off the playing field is domestic violence. Football coach Joe Paterno of Penn State University was quoted â€Å"I’m going to go home†¦.. nd beat up my wife† after a pre-season loss (Harvard Law Review [HLR], 1996 p. 1048). Many people have speculated about why athletes are like likely to commit acts of domestic abuse. One of these speculations is that players such as enforcers â€Å"train to use violence and intimidation on the field and may have difficulty preventing these lessons from carrying over into their personal relationships†, (HLR, 1996 p. 1050). Another, more logical speculation is that â€Å"sport has had a kind of sanctuary atmosphere to it in terms of the legal system and police have kept their distance†, (Lapchick, 2000 p. ). For an athlete to be above the law simply because he or she is an athlete is irrational. However, â€Å"the public has gotten fed up with athletes crossing the violent lines, both on and off the court, and that may contribute to police entering the sanctuary†, (Lapchick, 2000 p. 1). If indeed the police begin to get involved when acts of violence are performed by athletes on and off the court, violence and physical aggression may not be as commonplace in the future as they are today. Irrational as it may be for sport to have its own sanctuary atmosphere in terms of the legal system, we as a society must question why we ultimately allow for this to occur. During the 2003- 2004 National Hockey League season Todd Bertuzzi of the Vancouver Canucks viciously attacked unsuspecting Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore. The attack left Moore with a broken neck which ultimately ended his NHL career. Although Bertuzzi was suspended for the remainder of the season and his team was fined $250,000 no criminal charges were laid. One can only wonder how an unprovoked attack on an unsuspecting victim which ultimately ended a career due to a broken neck cannot be treated as a criminal offense. The Bertuzzi incident is an ideal example which illustrates how our society allows professional athletes to advocate themselves above the law. The problem of violence in sport can be discussed using the sub branches of the Social Conflict Theory of sociology. The Social Conflict Theory of sociology deals with the ideology that the problems that society faces are the result of the way that society, as well as the economics of that society are organized. The sub branch of Social Conflict Theory that gives support to the explanation to why we as a society put professional athletes above the law is The Marxist Theory. The Marxist Theory can also be broken down even further into Instrumental Marxism and Structural Marxism theories. The general premises behind the two Marxist theories however are quite similar. Marxist sociologists view crime as an outcome of Capitalism. The upper class, or the Bourgeoises, control all modes of production. It is this system that creates the division between the classes. The upper classes have all they need; they are the wealthy class as well as the most powerful and influential. The lower class, or the Proletariat, on the other hand has virtually nothing. These are the people left with no power no influence and virtually nothing. The general concepts of the Marxist theory are: that the laws are set up to protect the interests as well as maintain their financial standing while nothing is given to the lower classes or the poor. In our society we view our professional athletes as the upper class or the Bourgeoises. Professional athletes are indeed wealthy, powerful and influential. Thus our current laws, according to the Marxist theories, are set up in a way to protect the interest of the upper class (including professional athletes) as well as not to ruin their social status. The Marxist Theories provide an explanation of how professional athletes, such as Todd Bertuzzi, can carry out intentional acts of violence and not be prosecuted while if others who are not part of the upper class (the Proletariat) were to carry out the same act of violence would be prosecuted in a civil court. Therefore, to eliminate violence in sport our society must not allow subcultures, hockey for an example, to follow a different set of laws than the rest of society. Today our society is divided into many different classes. There is the upper class, the upper-middle class, middle class and so forth. Our present day society closely follows Socrates’ pattern in achieving an ideal state. Socrates’ pattern divides society into three classes. The first of the three are the workers, craftsmen, farmers, shopkeepers ect. Another class is the auxiliaries or warriors, and the third class is the guardians or rulers. Each man in the state belongs in one or another of these classes. However to simply divide a society into three classes in an attempt to achieve an ideal state seems somewhat implausible. Plato believed that every man must possess the cardinal virtues to live a good live. These virtues: wisdom, temperance, justice and courage are essential in living a good life and therefore are essential in achieving an ideal state. These virtues however can be applied not only to everyday life, but also to subcultures, such as hockey or football. Plato believes for a state to be ideal it must possess wisdom. The concept of wisdom is understanding ones self and controlling self. If professional or amateur athletes were to possess the virtue of wisdom they ultimately possess self control. To say an athlete committed an act of violence unintentionally or because he or she was â€Å"caught up in the game† is absurd. To commit an act of violence with the intent to cause injury is premeditated. If all athletes were to possess the virtue of wisdom they would have complete control over one self. All athletes should also possess the virtue of courage. Courage can be defined by Plato as â€Å"preserving things which may rightly be feared† (Plato 31). In professional and amateur sport athletes need to respect and obey the rules and regulations. In other words athletes must fear the possible punishments, whether criminal or not, for violence to ultimately be terminated from sport. If athletes begin to feel that they are not above the law or that their subculture must follow the same laws as the remainder of society violence in sport will ultimately decrease. In the republic Plato describes temperance, the third virtue, as: â€Å"†¦ within man himself, in his soul, there is a etter part and a worse; and that he is his own master when the part which is better by nature has the worse under control† (Plato 32). Clearly the virtue of temperance is important to possess for violence to diminish in sport. To master oneself and have the worse under control would definitely decrease the amount of violence in sport. Also, for athletes to have temperance would make for a more exciting game. To have control over one’s self in a team game means putting the team before the individual. Doing so will lead to less violent acts and a more exciting team oriented style of play. The final and most important virtue is justice. Plato believes that if a community were to follow and obey the three previous virtues of wisdom, courage and temperance justice will automatically exist. This can also be applied to the subculture of sport. If all people within the subculture of sport such as the General Managers, league officials and athletes were to possess the three virtues of wisdom, courage and temperance justice would automatically exist and therefore violence in sport would be a criminal matter where perpetrators can be tried and convicted in civil court. In society there are two types of command given by reason; hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Immanuel Kant describes hypothetical imperatives as â€Å"an action that must be done to justify a means or reach a set goal†, (Kant 2). Categorical imperatives are â€Å"actions that are done because of their necessity to morality†, (Kant 2). Hypothetical and categorical imperatives are also present in subcultures. Athletes who commit violent acts while competing follow the hypothetical imperative command. They are driven by hopes of winning and will do whatever it takes to achieve this goal. This is a key factor in giving an explanation to why some athletes find reasoning in committing a violent act while competing in a sporting event. Also this gives explanation to why some athletes fell that no matter how wrong the act is, how anything that happens in an athletic contest be criminal. Following the hypothetical imperative is described as performing an action to justify a means or reach a set goal. If this action is violent many athletes will argue that it should not be considered criminal because it was a justified action executed to reach a set goal; a goal which they are entitled and expected to carry out. However, Kant would argue against this stating that the only ethical principle is universal, and therefore categorical, is â€Å"to treat oneself, always as an end, never as a mean†. For example in hockey a hypothetical imperative could be â€Å"if you don’t obey the rules you go to the penalty box†. A categorical imperative would be â€Å"Obey the rules, it is your duty†. If athlete’s were to take on a categorical imperative way of life sport violence would come to an end, not because it is right or wrong, but because it would be the athletes duty to treat oneself, always as an end, never as a mean. Nonetheless, it is illogical to assume that violence in sport will one day be non existent. It is not illogical to assume that if the subculture of sport and those who are in command adapt the categorical imperative ways that violent acts in sport will be considered a criminal matter. To live a good life it is essential to possess the cardinal virtues. The cardinal virtues are essential in achieving an ideal state. In achieving an ideal state Kant would argue that the only ethical principle is universal and therefore categorical is to treat oneself, always as an end, never as a means. By treating oneself always as an end, never as a means true justice in present day society will prevail and everyone who commits a violent act will be prosecuted in civil court regardless if they belong to a subculture or not.

The San Jose Tech Museum of Innovation :: Technology Tourism Galleries Essays

The San Jose Tech Museum of Innovation Living in the heart of Silicon Valley, technology plays a very important role in the everyday lives of the people who populate it. Large portions of this population are children. When we think of our children, we think about the future of this world. As a group, we believe that our job as a society is to introduce technology to children in an enlightening and fascinating manner. By doing this, we can inspire children to become innovators of technology and apply this to the future of technology. The San Jose Tech Museum of Innovation is a place that dedicates itself to introducing technology in a very attractive style. The 132,000 square foot facility houses four permanent themed galleries and over 250 exhibits (www.thetech.org/about/factsheet.cfm). The museum is also home to "The Spirit of American Innovation, an exhibit about the National Medal of Technology, the nation’s highest honor for technological innovation" (www.thetech.org/about/factsheet.cfm). Inside, everyone, whet her they are children or grandparents, everyone gets to participate in hands-on activities that teach and introduce them to a variety of activities ranging from the beginning steps of web-design, riding and designing an Olympic bobsled to participating in a virtual heart surgery. With all the wonders that exist in this museum, children have the opportunity to learn about technology in a variety of different forms and are able to "discover new insights into technology and the process of innovation through exploratory activities" (www.thetech.org/about/mission.cfm.). People of all ages engage in the exploration and experimentation of the technology that affects their everyday lives. Exploring the Tech Museum of Innovation and the activities it presents and offers to children, as well as others, helped us to better understand and learn of the positive ways in which technology is presented to our youth. In this report we first discuss our rationale and focus, describing the importance of the Tech Museum of Innovation and the connection it makes with the representation of technology, particularly for children. In the second part we identify the research question that we investigated. We then illustrate how we gathered and analyzed our data. Following this, we apply a number of course concepts to specific examples in order to answer our research question. Finally, we discuss how the implications of our analysis relate to communication and technology and how our findings support or do support what we have looked at in class.

Book Review of Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide :: Accounting Finances Businesses Essays

Book Review of Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide, by Robert Murdick, R. Carl Moor and Richard H. Eckhouse, attempts to tie together the broad policies and interrelationships that exist among the many functional areas which undergraduate students typically study. The authors intend the text to supplement the typical case book and/or computer simulations used in teaching business strategy (ix). Situational analysis is presented, as is a structure for developing strategy. Practicality and real world experience is combined with educational theory to provide as complete a picture as possible of strategy in business. The authors have divided the text into 15 chapters with no further subdivisions. It is possible, however, to group the chapters into specific areas of study. For example, the first chapter, "Business Failure -- Business Success," examines why businesses fail, and provides the reason for continuing with the remainder of the text. The next two chapters focus on the "field of action," including the business environment and the business system. The fourth and fifth chapters introduce strategic management (chapter 4) and the struggle not only to survive, but to prosper using strategic management (chapter 5). Chapters Six through Nine address specific functional areas (marketing, accounting/finance, production, and engineering/research and development). Chapters 10 and 11 introduce the reader to the problems of managing human resources (chapter 10) and data processing resources (chapter 11). The last four chapters discuss the issues involved with analyzing business situations. Multinational business analysis is the subject of chapter 12, while chapter 13 turns the reader's attention to how to conduct an industry study. Chapters 14 and 15 focus on how to analyze a case and illustrations of case analysis, respectively. The text concludes with an appendix of symbols used by those who evaluate reports and a general index to topics within the book. The authors make good and frequent use of charts, graphs, forms and other graphic techniques to illustrate their points. Each chapter concludes with a selected bibliography that the student may use for additional research. The book is printed entirely in black ink; the use of color for key concepts would have enhanced the book's value as a teaching text. Visually, the book is crowded without much white space for readers to make notes. Key concepts could also have been separated from supporting text in a more clear manner. While each chapter has a summary, they do not have an introduction or a listing of key words of concepts that the student should learn as a result of studying each chapter. Such aids would make

Nebraska Landscape in My Antonia

The Nebraska Landscape Humankind’s relationship to its environment is one of the strongest bonds people can make. In Willa Cather’s My Antonia, this relationship is shown through many of the characters want to return to their hometown of Black Hawk, Nebraska. What they find they miss is a lost setting, a vanished world of people, places, and natural surroundings. They all develop a strong attachment to the Nebraska landscape, which never seems to leave them. Part of the reason for this connection is that the novel is set in a time and place where the weather places limitations on the characters.As a result, the characters are simply more in tune with the weather and the natural elements in general. The landscape gives their feelings and thoughts a physical form, and reveals the theme of human connection with its surroundings as a whole. Jim’s relationship with the Nebraska landscape is important on its own terms, but it also comes to represent Jim’s relati onship with the people and culture of Nebraska as well as his inner self. The river, that Jim and Antonia enjoy swimming in, represents his free soul.Jim always allows himself to enjoy the simple things in life and adventure with Antonia, but keeps his goals in mind. The wide open Nebraska plains represent his open-minded, romantic personality that develops as he grows up. When he starts college, he finds himself beginning a relationship with his old friend Lena, and does everything in his power to make her happy. The landscape seems to shape his life and personality, changing and developing as he does. It also mirrors Jim’s feelings—it looks desolate when he is lonely—and also awakens feelings within him.Another example of landscape description symbolizing the feeling of a situation is at the burial of Mr. Shimerda. Mr. Shimerda commits suicide after a particularly difficult winter, and his family is devastated regarding his loss and their economic situation. H is funeral is also held in the dead of winter, the coldest time of year. The land is unyielding and unforgiving, just as it had been for the Shimerdas trying to make a living off of it when they moved to Nebraska. There seems to be a bitter feel at the funeral, almost as bitter as the cold air outside.The plow, which Jim and Antonia see silhouetted against the enormous setting sun, also reveals the theme of the connection between human culture and the natural landscape. As the sun sets behind the plow, the two elements are combined in a single image of calmness, suggesting that man and nature also coexist harmoniously. However as the sun sinks lower on the horizon, the plow seems to grow smaller and smaller, ultimately reflecting the dominance of the landscape over those who inhabit it.

Two Countries Possess Two Different Educational Sytems Essays

Two Countries Possess Two Different Educational Sytems Essays Two Countries Possess Two Different Educational Sytems Essay Two Countries Possess Two Different Educational Sytems Essay Is Another Country’s Educational System Better? Doubtlessly, different countries may have different educational systems but who knows which of them is better. I am an international student who came from Malaysia, a country which is located in Southeast Asia then came to the United States, a country which is far apart from my home country, to pursue a higher education. Many of my friends often ask me whether Malaysia or the United States is better but I could not answer them with certainty because I think each country is inimitable. Although the duration that I have been to the states is not long, I discovered that the education systems are distinct between my home country and the United States. Thus, each country has its own peculiarity as there are certain dissimilarities in the educational system in terms of rules and grading systems that exist between two nations. First of all, the contrast of regulations in educational system is one of the factors that lead the country into the current position in the world today. Undeniable, most of the schools in Asia, such as Malaysia, have tougher rules than in the United States. For example, school uniform and restrictions on hairs are mandatory for pupils during their student career. This motivation is because the government thinks that pupils will look more organized and professional as in the appearance. In the contrary, students in the United State are much more unrestrained as they are permitted to wear any type of clothing that they enjoy wearing. Both of the guidelines in each country are correct but the one which is using in my home country will affect the cogitation of the students because of the restriction on selection that they were accustomed to. Not only that, pupils have no rights and is not allowed to converse while the lecturer is instructing because it is considered as an interruption if you intent to speak to anyone. While in the United State, students always inquire the instructor regarding to the hesitation they have in mind immediately, unlike the students in my country. They are encouraged to exchange their own opinions with teachers. In short, the rules and regulations in both countries are different, but it is not up to us to make a judgment if one nation is superior over another because they are unique in their own way. Moreover, apart from school’s ordinances, these two places use different approaches in the assessment system. Unquestionably, most of the Asia countries focus on the examination more than the students’ participation in the class. For example, students can still receive an outstanding grade even if they do not submit their homework according to the schedule that the instructor, as long as they study for the examination. As a matter of fact, this system is not equitable for those pupils that participate in the class as they only achieve the equal result with the students that do not engage in the class. Furthermore, in one essay, it was stated that teachers nowadays focus on teaching the materials that were based on the test which can help students to achieve better scores, but would cause a decreasing level of knowledge for this generation’s students. On the other hand, the scoring system in America is a reverse version of my home country. It is unthinkable for students here to attain an â€Å"A† even when they score wonderful marks for all of their tests because the system here concentrate more on the participation of students, but not just the scores. Unlike Malaysia, lecturers in America help pupils to obtain and absorb knowledge which can benefit themselves in the rest of their lives. Hence, these two regions possess distinct grading systems, but is the reason why they are incomparable. In conclusion, the education system that each country is having now makes them unconventional; we could not decide whether it is wrong or right. Irrefutably, without doubt, some people would think that the system in America is better because of its current status in the world today but nobody can determine it. On the opposite side, the system in my home country, which is Malaysia, is more rigorous than where I am studying now. However, I could not tell which of them is better because both of them possess its own weaknesses and strengths. Even though we do not like some of the systems in education, we should adapt and acquire knowledge in the way it is formulated as. Every nation has a different educational system, but nobody can decide which of them is better.

How to Write a Perfect Food Service Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Food Service Resume (Examples Included) From instagrammable tasting menus to the satisfying quickness of a fast-food burger with fries, the food industry is a perennially busy one.   It’s a fast-moving field, with lots of turnover and opportunities if you’re looking for one. You need to be ready when those opportunities come up, or when you’re on the hunt for a new gig. The first step should always be getting your resume in order. If yours could use a makeover, let’s look at some food service industry samples that can help guide you through your own resume revision process. 1.Restaurant server resume2.Restaurant supervisor resume3.Food service  resumeFirst up is Barney, who’s looking to take his part-time jobs and volunteer experience and leverage them into his first full-time restaurant job.download this resume in ms wordBarney Barnett99 Rose AvenueSan Jose, CA 98989555-333-8888bbarnett@emaildomain.comEnthusiastic, responsible food service professional with safe food-handling certifi cate, dedicated to excellent customer serviceSkillsOutgoing personalityBilingual (spanish)Team playerSafe food handlingStrong customer focusEducationSan Jose community college- food safety handling certificate, 2016Eastside High School- Diploma, 2015Work ExperienceBlue crab bar grillFood service trainee, March 2016 – presentBusboy/dishwasher, May 2012 – March 2016Serve as jack-of-all-trades in the kitchen and front-of-house, working with servers and building on experience as a dishwasher and busboy.Serve food and assist servers as needed to provide quick and high-quality customer serviceSet, clear, and clean tablesWash dishes, and organize dishes for efficient cleaning and servingTrained in using POS systemsVolunteer ExperienceHelping Hands Shelter Soup KitchenServer and dishwasher, September 2011 – presentAssist the kitchen manager with meal planning and servingServe customers during breakfast, lunch, or dinner shiftsOrganize kitchen cleanup and conduct inve ntoryBarney doesn’t have any full-time experience, so he wants to frame his skills as his biggest selling point. This means he’s using a slightly different format, putting skills up front. He also uses his objective statement as a headline of sorts, giving the reader the elevator pitch of his qualifications: service-oriented personality and certification in the field. This is his first chance to showcase what he brings to his next restaurant.For his experience, this section is short- but barney uses it to good advantage, showing that he has varied experience, working both in the kitchen and out on the serving floor. He also makes sure to include his volunteer experience, which is also kitchen-related.Next up is Kenny, who has been working in restaurants for more than 12 years, and wants to revise his resume to take advantage of opportunities to step up.download this resume in ms wordKenny Chapell65 Hearth StreetPortland, ME 54545(333) 222-0000kennyc@emaildomain.comVete ran customer-focused food server with more than 15 years of experience and a strong history of revenue generation, repeat business, and top-notch service.ExperienceThe Lobster Pot                                                                                                                         Portland, MEShift manager server                                                                      February  2010 – presentGenerated more than $750,000 in sales revenue to date by leveraging knowledge of the food, wine, and cocktail menus in order to make the perfect recommendations for each customer in a busy, fast-paced restaurant environment.Manage front-of-house duties, including employee scheduling and day-to-day supervision and management for a staff of 25 servers, busboys, and dishwashers.Process daily sales numbers and ensure cash register accu racy.Handle cash and credit transactions with total accuracy.Serve customers, with a focus on following up to ensure a great customer experience and repeat business.Bartolo’s Bistro                                                                                                                        Portland, ME Server                                                                                                                  March 2007 – April 2010Built and maintained customer relationships at portland’s highest-ratedFrench restaurant.Provided exceptional customer service to ensure repeat business.Demonstrated deep product knowledge when discussing menu options and making recommendations to customers.Prioritized time management to maximize customer satisfaction and revenue generation.Reconciled cash regi ster at the beginning and end of day to verify sales.Configured tip sharing for front-of-house staff.Pizza Pete’s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Portland, ME Server                                                                                                            Januaryry 2002 – April 2007 Dishwasher                                                                                                         June 2006 – April 2007Created a welcoming environment for every customer in a fast-paced, family o riented franchise of a national pizza chain.Served food and drink orders quickly and accurately.Maintained a clean work area and other daily shift duties.Demonstrated strong teamwork and multitasking abilities.Served children’s birthday parties.Promoted to server after less than a year spent as a dishwasher and food service trainee.Additional SkillsAdept at operating POS systemsHandling customer transactions with scrupulous accuracyResolving customer and staff issues as they come upManaging servers and other staffMicrosoft office (word, excel, powerpoint)QuickbooksEducationRentschler College, Portland, ME A.S., Business Administration (in progress)Merriweather High School, Portland, ME High School diploma, 2008Unlike Barney, Kenny has a lot of great restaurant serving experience, so the more traditional reverse-chronological format works well for him. Kenny is also very careful with his word choice, using attention-grabbing words like â€Å"veteran† and â€Å"revenue generation† in his objective statement to underline that experience to the reader. Word choice is so important on your resume- in a world where every job opening gets a lot of applicants, the words you choose can make the difference between an interview invite and a shuffle past- so choose wisely! Use words that emphasize how great you are, and speak to the skills and experience you want to highlight. Kenny also uses narrative to his advantage by giving a brief summary for each of his jobs to frame what he wants to emphasize in each one.Next up we have another restaurant veteran, Kelsey, who wants to make the jump to senior management, after years of serving and floor managing.download this resume in ms wordKelsey Choi 433 Rosa Parks Blvd, apt 4g Birmingham, AL 21212 kelseyc@emaildomain.com (777) 888-9999Experienced server with demonstrated leadership experience. Proven revenue generator, specializing in repeat customer cultivation and maintenance. adept problem solver, with experience resolving customer and staff issues in house. Strong administrator, with extensive experience managing staff schedules, hiring, training, and daily accounting. Work ExperienceFloor Manager/Lead Server BarAmericann, Birmingham, AL October 2012 – presentLead a team of 20 servers as front-of-house manager of popular, fast-paced fusion restaurant.Use POS system to help management improve margins, ensure accurate sales reporting, manage more effectively, and develop staff revenue goalsCreate and manage staff schedulesCoordinate reservations via open table and phoneTrain front-of-house staff on serving protocols, safe food handling, and time managementBuild a strong team through positive, proactive communication and coachingServe customers as needed, providing stellar service and encouraging repeat businessPromoted to manager from lead server, and from server to lead server over the course of four yearsServer Flip’s Burger Hut, Mobile, AL March 2010 – Sept ember 2012Provided top-notch customer service as a member of a team that saw $4 million in revenue generation.Developed strong multitasking skills in a fast-paced environment while managing a constant flow of guests during lunch and dinner shiftsServed guests with a focus on time and revenue management, while providing excellent customer experiencesTrained new staff on restaurant processes and policiesHandled daily revenue of $1000 – $2000Worked full time shifts while attending schoolSkillsInterpersonal communication (managing customer concerns and needs, coordinating and educating staff)Staff management (currently manage day-to-day operations for a front-of-house staff of 30)Knowledge and application of customer habits and patternsPOS system management (servtech, salesapp)Quickbooks pro (expert level knowledge)Microsoft excel (expert level knowledge)EducationAlabama University B.A., Hospitality Management, 2014National Food Safety Board Foodsafe handling and safety certifica tion (Alabama)Kelsey has a lot of information she wants to include in this resume- that means she has a lot of editing to do, to make sure that a) she’s setting the narrative she wants to set; and b) she’s not overcrowding it. To do this, she needs to show her information in a very efficient way. Because she does have a lot of experience, and wants to show how multi-faceted she is a manager, she opts against the standard objective statement and instead uses a summary statement. This sets the tone of the rest of her resume, and gives her a guideline for the bullets she’ll use later, when describing her experience.Speaking of her experience, Kelsey sticks to her narrative by listing her most relevant jobs. She may have others, but these are the ones that showcase her development as a server and manager, which is what she wants to emphasize in order to level up in that area. This way, she has room to talk about her skills, without creating an overcrowded novel of a resume.For her skills, Kelsey doesn’t just list them- she provides brief examples or explanatory notes for each. Nothing too extensive, but enough to show the reader that she has concrete background for each. She should be prepared to discuss these in more depth (or add more examples) in an interview.Kelsey’s lowest priority (in her resume, not in life!) is her education. This is important, but this is a case where kelsey wants to emphasize her skills and experience in action. So while it’s key to note that she has degrees and certification, it’s not necessarily her headline.The key to crafting an effective resume is paying attention to what goes where. Templates and structure are great as a starting point, but you want your resume to make you shine- and that means customizing the doc to put your strongest professional qualities right under the nose of the resume reader.If you’re looking for a food service job, thejobnetwork has you covered. check out the below listings to find a job in your area:Find restaurant server jobsFind restaurant supervisor jobsFind food service manager jobs

Serial Offender Profile Example

Serial Offender Profile Example Serial Offender Profile – Essay Example Serial Offender Profile Our case will involve a serial offender profile by the Kristen Gilbert, 33 years old who was a nurse by professional at Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Setauket an incidence that happened during the year 2000 and resulted to death of four patients. Due to the psychological stress of being divorced by her boyfriend who worked in the same hospital she decided to create attention to her coworkers and her ex-boyfriend by killing four patients. She was charged with the murder of four patients at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Setauket, and her action portrays one among other serial killers targeting their victims. During her trial, it was realized that she injected her patients with large doses of adrenaline, causing a hyper and uncontrollable heart beat. The patients suffered from a severe illness that ultimately caused their death.Kristen Gilbert acts as a serial killer by confessing killing the four patients to her ex-boyfriend and ex-husband when align ed at the court even before the prosecutor. Therefore, she fits a serial killer because a serial offender is one who murders more than two people in cold blood for psychological gratification and Kristen murdered the four patients because of psychological stress of being divorced by her boyfriend and within a very short time.However, Kristen was not convicted of her crime because the initial review did not find sufficient evidence to pursue the case, no eye witness was found, the weapon used was usually a sudden chemical readily available on the ward and often considered non-detectable or not checked at autopsy. Additionally, there was not consent contract that was signed and in absence of any agreement before treatment, a patient’s risk of harm is significantly greater when treated by the subject and the latter is uncommonly accurate in predicting patient’s demise. However, the resolution of the case could be to hold Kristen in bars until adequate evidence was collect ed to convict her for guilty.ReferencesEric W. Hickey. (2009). Serial Murderers and Their Victims. Oxford. Oxford Press.Jeff Mariotte. (2004). Criminal Minds: Sociopaths, Serial Killers, and Other Deviants. New York; Cambridge Publishers.

Test Motif in the Biblical Story of Adam and Eve Essay

Test Motif in the Biblical Story of Adam and Eve - Essay Example The book ‘Genesis 2’ opens with an event where the God is fashioning a man from the dust and sand and blowing air into his nostrils. Thus, the first man on earth is created and the great story of evolution begins on the paradigm of theology. Adam and Eve evidently pass through a test that is framed on the paradigm of temptation. God actually tried to test the capacity of self-control and self-restrain operating within man. This is the reason he frames the â€Å"forbidden fruit or the fruit of the knowledge and good and evil† and the serpent act as a provocation motif for the first man and the woman. Falling a prey on the hands of the provocation brought by the serpent, the first man, Adam and the first woman, Eve taste the forbidden fruit which apparently might seem a bad choice cause they were already aware about the punishment which could be entitled upon them for going against the will of God. Yet they choose it, which proves that the seed of inquisitive instin ct is primitive among men and for that they can even undergo fret and pain. Initially the characters fail to pass the test as they already lose their Garden of Eden and get ready for facing the pain, cruelty and all other complexities of life but the event at a greater realm, hints that the fallen couple of Adam and Eve are ultimate winners because they are the real fighters who survive the struggle for the rest of their life. Contribution of Plot Character and Setting in the Overall Artistry of the Narrative

'The stoning of Soraya m.' movie review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

'The stoning of Soraya m.' - Movie Review Example The stoning of Soraya tells a true story about victims of stoning in modern Iran. The story is deeply moving, and if one watches this film, he will never forget Soraya. The main protagonist is a journalist who gets lost in the small village when his car stalls. He is approached by a woman called Zahra who narrates with great sorrow the stoning of her niece, Soraya, the previous day. In the movie, a lot of positive changes can be seen as regarding the general Hollywood theme of damsel in distress, who gets rescued. The end of the movie is bittersweet. In the end, Soraya still gets stoned and dies a bloody death. However, women are strongly portrayed as being very strong in this film. This is demonstrated by the zeal with which Soraya’s aunt, Zahra, fights the local authorities and other opposing forces to ensure that the story of her nieces stoning is told to the rest of the world. She is also very daring and this is illustrated when she slaps the village chief. The good thing about this kind of portrayal is that it changes people’s perception about Muslim women. While most films always portray them as weak and voiceless, this film shows their strength and endurance. Soraya shows great courage even in the face of great injustice. She does not scream out that she is innocent because she knows it is a futile thing to do. Instead, she calmly addresses the crowd and then takes what comes with dignity. Her aunt also shows great strength because of the things she endures to ensure her niece gets justice. Not only does she have to face death threats several times, she hides the original tape of the happenings and ensures the journalist gets it in the end. This movie portrays a society in which the men use religion to peddle lies and to oppress women. In most instances, people have termed Islam as a bad religion because of such practices. Not so with the stoning of soraya. This movie

Comparative Essay about two short story Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative about two short story - Essay Example The first story, Prisoner on the hell plant, is based on the character Artie who has a lot to suffer in his life. Artie is a loner in this cruel and harsh world, a person who just lost his mother and considers himself to be a reason for the loss. He has a history of mental illness and when he came out of the asylum, Artie had a clear view of life in his mind. He wanted his life to improve and to be successful. Artie had been trying to improve his living standards, to get a good job and to worsk and support his mother. But, one day he receives the news of his mother committing suicide and the life he had been dreaming of shattered and the sky fell upon him as he realized what he had lost. Since the receiving of this new, Artie had been trying to figure out a way to find why his mother committed suicide. He had been making out reasons to make himself feel a little less guilty but, all he was left behind was the guilt that he made his mother commit suicide. Even though he was not, people around him were telling him that and consoling him. They were there for him and telling him that he was not at all guilty but Artie felt like he was going insane again and now that he has lost his only hope in the world, there is no chance for him to be a successful man he had dreamt of. Similar scenario is face by Marjane in ‘The Veil’. Marjane is a young girl with big dreams. Dreams of a world where all would be equal and no person would see the other with a sense of superiority. Marjane studies in the school at a time when revolutionists had called for different schools for the two sexes and wearing the veil was made necessary for the girls in school. This new law was not accepted by many and protests were going around in the country by groups both favoring and against this. Her class fellows did not like wearing the veil that much and most of them would remove it whenever they get a

Body Reactions to Emotion Evoking Situations Essay

Body Reactions to Emotion Evoking Situations - Essay Example Since such situations do not arise every day, I decided to use movies to observe that behavior. Movies such as horror movies, soap operas, high-level comedy and thrillers are known for eliciting emotional responses in the audience. So one Friday evening, I decided to go to a cinema to watch a movie where a horror movie called The Ruins was to show that night. At a round 8pm, I entered the cinema hall. It was dark inside which was an excellent atmosphere for such a movie as the effect on the audience was sure to be profound. I looked for some space and, lucky enough, I got myself sandwiched between a lady and a man. This was excellent as I could be able to observe the response of a man and a lady simultaneously and compare the results. That Friday evening was the beginning of a number of visits to the cinema hall, where I watched movies like Anaconda, The Wrong Turn, Piranha, soap operas like In the Name of Love, Storm Over Paradise and Triumph Of Love and thrillers like 24 and Sparta cus. In all these situations, I observed the responses among different people and their body reactions. I also made some observations on myself on how my body reacted. This research was carried out with reference to the literature that explains the relationship between the body and emotions; how the body reacts to different emotions. ... The body’s reaction to shock is different from the body’s reaction to anger. Moreover, different body parts are involved in the reaction of different emotions, although the face is the dominant part in the expression of emotions.. Psychologists attribute most physical health problems like backache to emotions, especially emotional stress. Prinz (2006) asserts that if we understand how the various body parts relate to certain emotions, we can be able to understand our subconscious. This can help in healing diseases related to emotions as understanding our subconscious helps in knowing the root cause of the problem. Several theories have been developed by scientists on the way emotions are generated and the body reactions to such emotions. One such theory that was advanced to explain the relationship between the body’s reactions and emotions was developed basing on the study by an American scientist by the name William James and a Danish scientist called Carl Lange . Studying independently, the two scientists asserted that two factors determine the feeling of an emotion: the reaction of the body and how a person understands that reaction after an event. William and Lange believed that changes in the body occur before the interpretation of the changes. The two are what constitute emotion. The study by Lange and James led to development of theory called James Lange theory (William and McDermott, 1978). Other theories that have since been developed to explain the same include the theory by Cannon and Bard and also by American scientists, Singer and Schacter. Bard and Cannon made use of the nervous system to explain how emotions are generated and the response of the body to such emotions. They assert that the body reacts

Rubber Band Model of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rubber Band Model of Communication - Essay Example The first scholar who attempted a communication model is Aristotle. Aristotelian view of communication influenced the perspectives of communication thinkers until the mid twentieth century. In the late 1940s, and through the 1950s and 1960s, a number of new communication models were advanced, most of them preserving the basic themes of the Aristotelian perspective. Later in 1949, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published a model that they called the "Mathematical Model of Communication." and later in 1954 he proposed an interactive model. In 1960 Berlo proposed the SMCR model. These models were considered the major linear models of communication. and Becker's Mosaic Model (1968). The others that invited attention of communication experts included the multidimensional models. The major contributions were Functional Model by Ruesch and Bateson (1951) and Transactional Model by Barnlund (1970). All these models contributed only to further the discussions and research of communication and proved different points of the communications process. (Jones & Jones, 1997) The Rubber Band Model of communication, as the term denotes uses the analogy of a rubber band. The elastic property of the rubber band is used to explain the communication process. ... The Rubber Band Model can be explained with the following diagrams. The figures Fig.1 and Fig.2 show the communication process as proposed by the Rubber Band model. Fig.1 shows a stretched rubber band. The black portion is the piece of rubber band and the dotted lines show it in the stretched position. If we consider the piece of rubber band as the message transmitted by the sender the stretched portion explains the transmission of the message. The elastic property of the rubber band can be attributed to the nature of the message, transmission process and the channel. If stretched further, the message will reach a different receiver. It requires a more elastic material (a strong rubber band or a lengthy one) to stretch to a considerable length. The process of communication is similar. If the message has to be reached to a wider audience it has to be powerful, or in other words a mediated communication has to take place which occurs only in mass communication. Similarly the stretched rubber band when released (See Fig.2) gets back to the previous destination, which also explains the feedback. Critique of the Rubber Band model of communication The Rubber Band model is a dynamic model when compared to the linear models of communication as it proves that message can be send to an intended direction. This helps to explain interpersonal communication as well as group communication. The elastic property of the rubber band and its analogy used in the model also explains the mass communication process. The model has significance as it also give explanation for the feedback in communication. The limitation of the model is that it makes the feedback compulsory. Works cited 1. Marsha Jones and Emma

Body Reactions to Emotion Evoking Situations Essay

Body Reactions to Emotion Evoking Situations - Essay Example Since such situations do not arise every day, I decided to use movies to observe that behavior. Movies such as horror movies, soap operas, high-level comedy and thrillers are known for eliciting emotional responses in the audience. So one Friday evening, I decided to go to a cinema to watch a movie where a horror movie called The Ruins was to show that night. At a round 8pm, I entered the cinema hall. It was dark inside which was an excellent atmosphere for such a movie as the effect on the audience was sure to be profound. I looked for some space and, lucky enough, I got myself sandwiched between a lady and a man. This was excellent as I could be able to observe the response of a man and a lady simultaneously and compare the results. That Friday evening was the beginning of a number of visits to the cinema hall, where I watched movies like Anaconda, The Wrong Turn, Piranha, soap operas like In the Name of Love, Storm Over Paradise and Triumph Of Love and thrillers like 24 and Sparta cus. In all these situations, I observed the responses among different people and their body reactions. I also made some observations on myself on how my body reacted. This research was carried out with reference to the literature that explains the relationship between the body and emotions; how the body reacts to different emotions. ... The body’s reaction to shock is different from the body’s reaction to anger. Moreover, different body parts are involved in the reaction of different emotions, although the face is the dominant part in the expression of emotions.. Psychologists attribute most physical health problems like backache to emotions, especially emotional stress. Prinz (2006) asserts that if we understand how the various body parts relate to certain emotions, we can be able to understand our subconscious. This can help in healing diseases related to emotions as understanding our subconscious helps in knowing the root cause of the problem. Several theories have been developed by scientists on the way emotions are generated and the body reactions to such emotions. One such theory that was advanced to explain the relationship between the body’s reactions and emotions was developed basing on the study by an American scientist by the name William James and a Danish scientist called Carl Lange . Studying independently, the two scientists asserted that two factors determine the feeling of an emotion: the reaction of the body and how a person understands that reaction after an event. William and Lange believed that changes in the body occur before the interpretation of the changes. The two are what constitute emotion. The study by Lange and James led to development of theory called James Lange theory (William and McDermott, 1978). Other theories that have since been developed to explain the same include the theory by Cannon and Bard and also by American scientists, Singer and Schacter. Bard and Cannon made use of the nervous system to explain how emotions are generated and the response of the body to such emotions. They assert that the body reacts

Introduction to service marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to service marketing - Assignment Example The study also highlights the benefits as well as shortcomings of some of the modes of integrated marketing communication. The Indy event is Queenslands premier sporting event which had an average attendance of about 297, 835 people. This event has generated over seven hundred jobs in several industries had has pumped more that fifty million US dollars into the Australian economy. The importance of the event can be gauged from the fact that the Queensland government injected over ten million US dollars towards the promotion of the event which it right describes as an amount spent well. The Indy event is a four day motor rally which is in the existence for about thirteen years. This event is also popular in the international markets and has over seven hundred acclaimed media persons from across the world who come from over 195 countries from across the globe. In 2002, the Indy event was placed in the Queensland Tourism Awards Hall of Fame for the third consecutive year. There are certain characteristics of services that makes a particular service brand unique and pragmatically difficult for managers to capture. The augmented services offering model helps in identifying brand differentiation sources. (Ozment, 1994) This model states that as a charecteristic of most of the services there are three basic components which forms the managerial way of constituting the process. The three components are stated below namely, The Indy event must be organised in such a away that it is fully accesible to people form all over the world. As the event is held in Queensland Austrailia hence it is properly accesible to both the guests as well as the racists who participate in the event. The event managers must also ensure that the consumer participates in the event both passively and actively in the event. The event organisor must ensure that guests are fully satisfied and they promote the event (word of mouth communication) amongst their

Human Elements In Administration Essay Example for Free

Human Elements In Administration Essay People are the most important element in an organization whether it’s a business enterprise, a school, an army or hospital. School administrator and supervisors must be prepared to deal effectively with the people involved because they have the most difficulty in understanding and dealing with the human elements of administration. The administrator must understand certain fundamental concepts of motivation. He must have an insight into the nature of authority and influence. And most of all, he must have the ability to analyze specific problems and to carry out his intentions successfully. Technical skills, administrative skills and human skills are the three kinds of skills a successful administrator must possess. * Technical Skills – pertains to methods, techniques and processes. * Administrative Skills – ability to see the organization as an entity and the interrelationship of its various parts * Human Skills – refers to the ways of dealing effectively with people. 3 Distinct elements: *Skill in understanding the basic human forces active in the organization. *Skill in analyzing complex human situations. *Skill in implementing a plan of action. It is said that man is a wanting animal. As soon as one of his needs is satisfied, another appears in its place. Man’s needs are organized in a series of levels or a hierarchy of importance according to the theory of Maslow. Psychological needs to be alive and to stay alive. Safety needs to feel safe from accidents or pain, from competition or threat. of his behaviour. Ego needs relate to one’s self – esteem and one’s reputation. Self – fulfilment needs for continued self – development, for realizing one’s own potentialities. Understanding basic needs of an individual is important for the administrators and supervisors because deprivation of those needs has behavioural consequences on the part of one’s individual. It is also important to understand because of the fact that an individual whose lower level needs are satisfied, he is not any longer motivated to satisfy his psychological and safety needs. Rather, he shifts towards the satisfaction of the other needs in the hierarchy. Unless there are opportunities at work to satisfy these needs, the individual is deprived and his consent behaviour will reflect the deprivation. A New Theory of Management Proposition on the theory of new management’s task by McGregor harnessing human energy to organizational requirements are stated as follows: 1. Management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise – money, materials, equipment and people – in the interest of economic needs 2 A process of directing peoples efforts, motivating, controlling their actions and modifying their behaviour to fit the needs of the organization 3. It is the responsibility of the management to recognize and develop the individual’s potential for development, his capacity for assuming responsibility, his readiness to direct behaviour toward organizational goals. 4. The essential task of management is to arrange organizational conditions and methods of operation in order to achieved desired goals and objectives. New theory of management relies on self – control and self – direction; it treats people as a matured adults and it is management by objectives, Advantages 1. it does not involve the relinquishing of leadership, the abdication of management or the lowering of standards 2 it is a process of creating opportunities, encouraging growth, releasing potential, removing obstacles and providing guidance Some applications of the new theory: 1. Decentralization and Delegation – freeing people from too close control of conventional organization. 2. Job Enlargement – encourages the acceptance of responsibility at the bottom of the organization. 3. Participation and Consultative Management – people are encouraged to direct their own creative energies towards organizational objectives and giving them some voice in decisions. 4. Performance Appraisal – individuals are involved in in setting targets and objectives for himself and in a self evaluation of performance semi – annually or annually. Close supervision tends to be associated with high productivity, general supervision with high productivity. The importance of supervising subordinates as a group are as follows: a.) discuss work problems with the group, b.) group performs well even when the supervisor is absent, c.) foster teamwork and group loyalty and d.) involves group participation in making decisions. THE ADMINISTRATOR OF SCHOOL FINANCING The welfare of the state depends largely upon the education of its citizens. Filipino people recognized the importance of sending children to school whenever and wherever possible. Our leaders and framers of Constitution see to it that the Magna Carta contains a provison that the state should establish and maintain a complete and adequate system of education and provide at least free primary for all education of school age. Since school population keeps on growing and the salaries of the teachers are keep on increasing, more and more funds are needed. However, present financial capability becomes inadequate and need to augment financial resources to keep up with increasing educational needs. In general, the sources for government income for education are the following: 1. Taxes imposed by law for the support of the government such as the real – property tax, specific tax, and import and export taxes. 2. Tuition fees imposed on students in public high schools, vocational schools, regional normal schools, and chartered colleges and universities. 3. Matriculation fees collected from public secondary school students, vocational schools, and chartered colleges and universities. There were also a matriculation fee charged in the intermediate grades but the fee was abolished by R. A. 4092 effective the school year 1964 – 1965. 4. Rental for lease of school sites and sales of schools products. 5. Land grants and donations. 6. Voluntary contributions. 7. Special fees such as miscellaneous fees charged from college students for entrance, registration, library, athletics, and laboratory, medical and dental clinics, school paper, diplomas, graduations and R.O.T.C. Support for Elementary Education The Educational Act of 1940 which nationalized the support of all elementary schools in municipalities and municipal districts saved the situation for the poor communities. The Educational Act of 1940 forbids the collection of tuition fees in the intermediate grades although it permits the matriculation fees in an amount to be determined by the President not exceeding two pesos for each pupil enrolled in the intermediate grades in municipalities and municipal district. The proceeds from this matriculation fee accrue to the fund of the National Government to purchase of library books and equipment and 40% for financing athletic activities in the intermediate grades. While the acquisition of school sites and construction of temporary school buildings remain the responsibility of the local governments. The law abolished the share of municipalities and municipal districts in the internal revenue collections, percentage taxes on the agricultural products and income tax. Support for Public Secondary Schools The financial support for the maintenance and operation of public secondary schools provided for by the provincial and city governments. Generally, the majority of provinces do not have adequate funds to support the schools properly. This deficiency in finances gives occasional difficulty in the payment of secondary teacher’s salary. The sources of provincial income are the following: 1. Internal revenue allotments from the national government. 2. Share from local taxes. 3. Fees from services rendered. 4. Income from miscellaneous receipts. Support for secondary schools 1. Tuition and matriculation fee levied by the Provincial Board on all high school students 2. Board uses parts of its general fund in case of shortage or the Board passes a resolution increasing the rate of tuition 3. Through the enactment of R. A. No. 3478, the National Government has been granting annual national aid to general provincial and municipal high schools beginning with the school year 1963 – 1964, primarily intended for salary adjustments of teachers and other secondary school personnel 4. Voluntary contributions and donations by private individuals and civic organizations Support of barrio experimental high school, the Bureau of Public Schools in its Memorandum No. 86, issued on August 1, 1966, states as follows: 1. The tuition fee to be charged should not be less than â‚ ±80.00 a year. 2. 50% of the 10% real estate tax proceeds allotted to barrios in accordance with the revised Barrio Charter should be set aside and used solely for the improvement of instruction in the barrio high schools. No amount accruing from this fund should be spent for salaries of teachers and other school personnel. 3. All feeder barrios should share the expenses for the improvement of instruction, the share of each to be proportionate to the number of students from the feeder barrios attending barrio high school. 4. All resolutions of the barrio councils regarding the funding of barrio high schools should be approved by the Municipal Council concerned. Support of Public Schools in Chartered Cities 1. Tuition fees and city funds   2. National Government allots lump sums as aid to cities for their educational needs. 3. National aid for salary adjustments of teachers and other secondary school personnel. The law was amended by R.A. No. 4128so as to include all city high schools except Manila and Quezon City. Support of Vocational Schools Vocational schools usually come under two categories – the provincial trade school and the provincial agricultural school. The source of income comes from the national contribution, tuition and other fees and income from school products. The so – called rural high schools which are agricultural in nature are jointly supported by the provinces and municipalities and the National Government. Support of Normal Schools Regional normal schools are also national like the vocational schools. There are still seven regional normal schools located in strategic places in the country serving the needs of the students in the surrounding places. Sources of income of these schools are national contribution and tuition fees. The city or municipality where they are located may also appropriate funds for the normal training department. Support of Special Schools The Philippine Nautical School located in Pasay is supported entirely by the National Government which offers courses for employment as merchant marine officers. The School for the Deaf and Blind under the Bureau of Public Schools is supported by the government with occasionally aid from the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes. Support of Chartered Government Colleges and Universities The support of chartered government institutions like University of the Philippines comes from the tuition and matriculation fees of students and comes from national funds appropriately annually by Congress. Special aids for the construction, repair and improvement of the buildings are given in special legislation or taken from the pork barrel fund. The tendency of the request by these institutions is to increase every year. Thus, the burden of the National Treasury for the support of these schools keeps on increasing. Other Agencies in helping the Financing of Public Schools A number of foreign agencies give some material aid to the schools aside from the National Government. Among these agencies are the following: * AID – NEC – provided in 1966 appropriations for buildings including the constructions of dormitories and also for typewriters, mimeographing machines and professional books for the Bureau of Public Schools. * UNICEF – gave aid in kind such as educational kits, globes, tape recorders, laboratory equipments and vehicles. * The American Foundation for Overseas Blind – donated Braille type writers, paper headsets, etc. * The Pilot Applied Nutrition Project (Bayaribang) – is a joint venture of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These entities gave help in the form of technical services, training stipends, vehicles for supervision and various types of supplies and equipments for kitchen, laboratory and agricultural uses. * The Agency for International Development (AID), National Economic Council (NEC), and the Bureau of Public Schools (BPS) – jointly undertook a textbook production project which started on July 1, 1960 and terminated on June 30, 1965 to help solve the problem of lack of textbooks. The project was expected to print and distribute around 25 million of copies of textbooks within a 5-year period at an estimated cost about â‚ ±59.5 million. Support for Private Schools All private schools, colleges and universities derive their income mostly from tuition fees and miscellaneous fees from students. There is no law prescribing the maximum rate of tuition fees so there is no uniformity and limit in the tuition fees being charged by private schools. Quality schools with good standards among the religious institutions charge relatively higher rates than the ordinary schools. Some of the religious schools are partly supported from their properties. Some non-sectarian schools operating specially for profit charged comparatively lower tuition fees and even permit their students to pay on easy instalments to attract as many students as possible.

Critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of personal construct

Critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of personal construct In social psychology, individual difference research aims to find out why individuals act differently in the same scenarios (Butt, 2007). This essay will be looking at two different theories which study and interpret individual differences to personality in two different ways. Kellys (1955, cited in Butt, 2007; Stevens, 2002) personal construct theory and Eysenck and Rathmans (1965, cited in Butt, 2007) trait theory of personality will be outlined and then trait theory will be used to critique, and find the strengths and weaknesses of, personal construct theory to see how it contributes to our understanding of individual differences in personality. This essay will argue that the strength of the personal construct theory is that it gives a much more holistic contribution to our understanding of individual differences in personality than the trait theory, although unlike the trait theory, its weakness is that its findings can not be generalised. Personal construct theory also has stren gth in that it transcends the individual-social and agency-structure dualisms which the trait theory does not. Personal construct theory, developed by Kelly (1955, cited in Butt, 2007; Stevens, 2002) viewed personality as an individual experience. It advocates bipolar constructs that individuals use to help them understand their world, for example, stimulating-dull (Stevens, 2002). Personal construct theory uses the phenomenological approach and therefore aims to understand how individuals use their subjective, individual experiences to develop a set of personal constructions, which in turn, helps them to make sense of their world around them (Butt, 2004). This helps to understand the individuals lived experience, how they make meaning and how they come to view the world in different ways (Butt, 2007, cited in Butt, 2007). Personal construct theory therefore sees individual differences as recognising and taking account of each individuals world view and the conscious role they have in creating the individual they become and the personality they have (Butt, 2007; Stevens, 2002). To investigate each individuals set of personal constructs, Kelly (1955, cited in Butt, 2007) developed the repertory grid. This grid worked by individuals allocating personal constructs to everyone who they considered as part of their life. This subsequently allowed bipolar dimensions to be found. When analysing these constructions, it could be revealed how each individual experiences others and could show how two different individuals could make an entirely different assessment of the same person, for example, if an individual is fixed in their constructs they could come to believe that an individual who is reserved is always cold and so having a fixed personality could cause many relationship problems compared to having a fluid personality. A lot of constructing occurs subconsciously so the grid allows individuals to gain and communicate their own individual meanings of things that would otherwise be unavailable. Personal construct theory sees constructs as being adjustable and, by seeing themselves through an others eyes, individuals could make conscious decisions to change their personality and view of the world (Butt, 2007). But Kelly (1955, cited in Butt, 2007) argued that as much effort is placed in these constructions the individual may not want to change them. The fundamental parts of personal construct theory were usefully applied by Salmon (2003, cited in Butt, 2007) to education. Salmon (2003, cited in Butt, 2007) argued that to facilitate personal development, schools needed to take into account the students current personal constructs and the students also needed to be aware of their own personal constructs. Salmon (2003, cited in Butt, 2007) later developed the Salmon line, which allowed the students a tool to see how they were progressing using their own meanings about progression. In contrast to the personal construct theory, trait theories see individual differences to personality as the fixed ways that individuals vary from each other (Butt, 2007). There are many types of trait theory, although this essay is going to concentrate on Eysenck and Rathmans (1965, cited in Butt, 2007) trait theory in order to critique Kellys (1955, cited in Butt, 2007) personal construct theory. This trait theory was developed from the natural science and experimental mainstream approach to individual differences (Butt, 2007). The aim of the theory was to find general dimensions from various populations of individuals to allow trait theorists to be able to predict how, a certain individual would act in given situations. Eysenck and Rathman (1965, cited in Butt, 2007) argued that personality traits were due to biological and genetic factors and used the dimensions of extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability to measure personality with (Butt, 2007). Eysenck and Rathmans (1965, cited in Butt, 2007) trait theory of personality used data gained from Eysencks personality inventory questionnaire (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1963, cited in Butt, 2007) that involved many samples of individuals attributing dispositions to others (Butt, 2007). Eysenck and Rathmans (1965, cited in Butt, 2007) research led them to claim that there were two, main, unrelated dimensions of personality: extraversion and neuroticism and that these were behavioural expressions of temperament differences (Butt, 2007). Eysenck and Rathman (1965, cited in Butt, 2007) claimed that extraversion was grounded in cortical arousal and neuroticism was grounded in autonomic arousal, so the behavioural patterns were like the phenotype in biol ogy, whereas the innate brain structure is like the genotype (Butt, 2007). Eysenck reasoned that if the main dimensions in personality were found, these could have clinical application as they could be related to different kinds of neurotic behaviour which would explain why individuals acquire different types of psychological disorders (Butt, 2007). So both theories give two different ways of viewing personality. This essay will now critically analyse the strengths and weaknesses of personal construct theory using the trait theory of personality. The trait theory has been around for a long time and therefore has been researched a lot, has been very influential and has been tested extensively; this is unlike the personal construct theory which has been around for a relatively shorter period of time and so has been lacking in the same areas. The trait theory has also been seen as a more suitable way than the personal construct theory of looking at personality as it resembles the lay theories that individuals use when assessing others (Butt, 2007). Trait theories also use objective personality measurements, like the Eysenck personality inventory and this allows for large groups of individuals to be compared. This subsequently gives trait theory a wide scope for application as the trait theory findings can be used by organisations t hat need to identify trends in certain populations (Hollway, 2007). Personal construct theory data, in comparison, can not be generalised or compared across the wider population. But trait theory has got its weaknesses. Skinner (1974, cited in Butt, 2007) argued that traits do not explain personality or behaviour; they just identify trends in it. Although trait theories were designed to see how individuals react differently and consistently in certain situations (Butt, 2007), Mischel (1968, cited in Butt, 2007) argued that the evidence for this consistency is relatively small compared to the evidence there is for how people change with experience. Mischel (1968, cited in Butt, 2007) also suggests that rather than entirely reflecting the individuals personality traits, trait theory is strongly influenced by the thoughts, experiences and personality of the individual rating. The strength of objectivity within the trait theory, although helpful when comparing population, can also be viewed as a weakness of the theory. Personal construct theory data is subjective and situated in time and place unlike trait theory data which is taken out of its context making it ecologically invalid. The personal construct theory also takes into account the richness of an individuals personality (Butt, 2007) which the trait theory does not. Using phenomenology, personal construct theory attempts to see the distinctiveness of each individuals personality. Personal construct theory accepts that the individual can change and society can facilitate this change. This allows them to understand why individuals change depending on the situation and when that situation occurs and how this happens. Adaptations of personal construct theory also sees how change can happen in the future, for example, Salmons (2003, cited in Butt, 2007) version helped facilitate learning and her Salmon l ine allowed individuals to give themselves a goal and see what they needed to change in their personality to reach that goal. The trait theory, however, sees traits as biological and therefore fixed and unlikely to change. This means that it can not be used to assist changes in personality so has less practical uses than the personal construct theory. Unlike the personal construct theory, trait theory also does not take into account how an individuals social life could influence the individuals personality. A large strength of the personal construct theory is that it does not have the same extent of power relations plaguing it as the trait theory does. Personal construct theory uses qualitative interview methods which stop the researcher from having so much power over the findings of the research (Salmon, 2003, cited in Butt, 2007). The researcher uses the repertory grid to help each individual access their own personal constructs, in this way the researcher is prevented from assuming what the individuals constructs will be. Trait theorists, however, have lots of power over the individual. This is because the trait theory comes from the experimental approach. This means that the researchers that measure and put apply these measurements, for example, to create hierarchies in schools. Trait theory can therefore be misused as individuals can be judged against what is considered normal and competent by people who they believe are experts on the subject (Butt, 2007). But, personal construct theory also has its weaknesses because they do not use classification methods like the trait theories do and therefore they can not help an individual to get extra help, for example, if they need to be classified to get help with a split-personality. The personal construct theory also tried to make the researcher try to see the world through the participants eyes in order to help the participant express their constructs. But sometimes this would be impossible for the researcher, especially if they are working with an individual with a personality problem that they have no experience of. In trait theory there is an emphasis on the biological, genetic aspects of personality (Eysenck and Rathman, 1965, cited in Butt, 2007) which sees personality as fixed and coming from within the individual. But by concentrating on the individual and trying to find universal findings, the complexity and richness within each individual is lost. In education, psychometric measures have been used in such a way that teachers do nothing more than teach students how to pass tests. Salmon argued that testing students, learning becomes generalised and the students ability level becomes fixed as students become grouped depending on whether they score high, average or low on tests. This does not take into account the individual personality of each student. In personal construct theory, students are no longer seen as fixed in their abilities, Salmon argued that children do not learn in the ways stated above, instead they shift their meanings within a personal system of understandings. In this wa y each individual students personality could be such that they are good at and enjoy some types of learning and could be bad at and hate other types. So the personal construct theory has the strength of transcending the individual-society dualism. The way trait theory sees traits as fixed, determined, genetic and unchanging through environments also suggests that individuals have no agency in their personality traits and social structures did not affect their personality traits whatsoever. In the personal construct theory, Kelly (1965, 2007, cited in Butt, 2007), for example, put great emphasis on the society that individuals are constructed in. People were seen to use their experiences to actively create their worlds, even though these constructs and understandings that were gained from the social world sometimes restrict agency. So the personal construct theory has the strength of transcending the agency-structure dualism. Personal construct theory (Kelly, 1955, cited in Butt, 2007; Stevens, 2002) and the trait theory of personality (Eysenck and Rathman, 1965, cited in Butt, 2007) are two different approaches to individual differences in personality which contribute two different explanations to why people act in different ways in the same sort of situations (Butt, 2007). The strength of the personal construct theory is that it gives a much more detailed, holistic contribution to our understanding of individual differences in personality than the trait theory which sees personality as fixed and biologically determined. Personal construct theory sees individuals as having a fluid personality which changes through the individual interacting with their social world and so has contributed to individuals understandings of personality by showing them how they can change their constructions (i.e. the repertory grid). But, personal construct theory has a weakness as its findings can not be generalised like the trait theory can. So, although both theories contribute much to our understandings of individual differences to personality, personal construct theory has a greater contribution as it is more holistic and recognises that the social world and the individuals agency play a vital role in personality which is something that trait theory does not (Butt, 2007). Word Count: 2191 (excluding title). Butt, T. (2004) Personality Theories 1: Trait, Biological and Cognitive Social Approaches in Understanding People, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrove Macmillian. Butt, T. (2007) Individual Differences in Langdridge, D. and Taylor, S. (2007) (eds) Critical readings in Social Psychology. Milton Keynes: The Open University Press. Hollway, W. (2007) Social Psychology: past and present, in Hollway, W, Lucey, H. and Phoenix, A. (2007) (eds) Social Psychology Matters. Milton Keynes: The Open University Press. Stevens, R. (2002) Person Psychology: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Perspectivesin Miell, D, Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (Eds.), Mapping Psychology Book 2, Chapter 9, Milton Keynes: The Open University.

Nishida Kitarôs Studies of the Good and the Debate Concerning Universal Truth in Early Twentieth-C :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Nishida Kitarà ´'s Studies of the Good and the Debate Concerning Universal Truth in Early Twentieth-Century Japan ABSTRACT: When Nishida Kitarà ´ wrote Studies of the Good, he was a high school teacher in Kanazawa far from Tokyo, the center of Japanese scholarship. While he was praised for his intellectual effort, there was no substantive agreement about the content of his ideas. Critics disagreed with the way he conceived of reality and of truth as contained in reality. Taken together, I believe that the responses to Nishida's early work give us a window on the state of Japanese philosophy in the early twentieth century. In what follows, I give evidence for the existence of such a debate about the nature of truth and reality. After a sketch of Nishida's position (in which scientific truth is made subordinate to an all-encompassing divine truth), I outline the positions of two other contemporary thinkers: Katà ´ Hiroyuki and Takahashi Satomi. With respect to Nishida, they offer markedly different takes on the question of universal truth: Katà ´ favors an antireligious, scientific positivism w hile Takahashi accepts an existentialist notion of radical human finitude, in which human access to any certainty is denied. I conclude that one is confronted with a lively debate by Japanese philosophers inside Japan about the definition of truth and consequently about the nature of reality. Nishida Kitarà ´ (1870-1945) wrote the essays that make up Studies of the Good while a high school teacher in Kanazawa, in the hokuriku region on the Japan sea, far from the center of scholarship in Tokyo. The essays originally appeared separately in various journals and in 1911 were published in book form. From the publication of the first essay, "Concerning the Nature of Reality", in Tetsugaku zasshi, the journal of the philosophy seminar at Tokyo Imperial University, Nishida faced a number of direct and indirect critiques. While his intellectual effort was highly praisedone person proclaiming that such a level of accomplishment . . . would have been unattainable for anyone but a true scholarthere was no such agreement about the content of what Nishida had written. Critics disagreed with the way he conceived of reality and of truth as contained in reality. Taken together, I believe that the responses to Studies give us a window onto the state of philosophizing in Japan in the earl y twentieth century. The responses show that four decades into the program of opening up to the West, philosophers in Japan were in full-scale debate about the nature of truth and reality.

Death and We Real Cool Essay -- We Real Cool Essays Gwendolyn Brooks B

Death and We Real Cool "The sluggard’s craving will be the death of him, because his hands refuse to work" (Proverbs 21:25). The Bible makes a very clear statement in this passage as to how being lazy can be the cause of one’s death. "We Real Cool" is about seven African-American high school dropouts who want everybody else to think that they are cool. These teenagers explain how they stay out late playing pool, fighting, sinning and drinking. Though they think they have everybody else fooled, they know themselves that the destructive behavior they are taking part in will lead to their death. In "We Real Cool," Gwendolyn Brooks uses denotation and sound devices to suggest that although some African-Americans may often think of themselves as being cool for dropping out of school, they know in truth that dropping out will give them time to engage in sinful activities which will result in a broken, short life. Brooks uses denotation to suggest that although some African-Americans may often think of themselves as being cool for dropping out of school they know in reality that dropping out will give them time to engage in sinful activities which will result in a broken, short life. "We real cool. We / Left school" (Lines 1-2). This explains how these African-American teenagers think that they are cool because they dropped out of high school. "We / Lurk late" (3-4). The facts that they lurk late just aids in understanding that these teenagers are dropouts because otherwise they would not be out as late. Not only are these young African-Americans dropouts who stay out late at night, they also get into fights. We / Strike straight" (3-4). While staying out late because they are dropouts, the teenagers talked about in t... ...elves as being really cool on the outside because of the rebellious things they are taking part in and want others to picture them as being cool also. Though on the outside these kids think of themselves as cool and want to give that impression to others, they know the destructive things they are taking part in will soon be the cause of their abrupt death. Gwendolyn Brooks demonstrates in her poem, "We Real Cool," that even though people view and may acknowledge their own destructive behavior and often think of themselves as being cool, they know in reality their destructive actions will be the inevitable cause of their death. Works Cited The Bible. New International Version. Brooks, Gwendolyn. "We Real Cool." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th ed. New York: Harper, 1995. 740.

The Impact Listening Skills to Self-Disclosure In A Marital and Romantic Relationship

Relationships are strengthened by good communication. There are many aspects of communication that ultimately affect the quality of one’s relationships. It is of interest that we discover the impact of a certain communication skill on relationships. This essay also deals with the effect of listening skills on the quality of marital and mature man-woman relationships. Having all other factors constant this essay deals only with the effect of listening skills on the relationship quality of the individuals in a marital and romantic relationship.The settings for each relationship is unique therefore the degree of communication skill needed for the relationship varies. Before going into the details, we must first define the factors involved in the relationships mentioned. These factors are: the listening skills of the individuals involved in a marital and romantic relationship. As Pickering (1981) notes, listening skills are of the most important communication skills needed, to hav e a good relationship. Next is the relationship quality which is defined as the value or worth of the relationship (Mie, 2005).Lastly, relationship, a term that widens in scope as people wander to different aspects of interpersonal relationships, is taken into consideration (Zuroff & Neil, 1999). The researcher chose to focus on two similar relationship settings, which are the marital and mature man-woman romantic relationship. Hence, this essay focuses on the evidences that prove the positive impact of good listening skills on the practice of self-disclosure of the individuals in a marital and romantic relationship. Impact 3 Listening Skills Studies show that the impact of communication, specifically listening skills in relationships is immense.One must chose the right communication tool to improve ones relationships. Studies show that people who influence us are those who are active listeners (Pickering 1981). A study was done comparing the difference between couples who undergo c ommunication program and those who didn’t. Results showed that those who undergo the communication program to enhance their communication skills have a higher tendency of success in their relationships in the long run compared to those who did not undergo the program (Yalcin & Karahan, 2007).One of the most important aspects of communication is the listening skills. According to White (2006), good communicators are emphatic listeners who apply effective listening in relationships. Individuals in the relationships should be good communicators. There is a difference between hearing and listening. Hearing only deals with the physical processes as one hears sounds from the environment, while listening engages the individual to empathize with the speaker in terms of the emotions and opinions behind the words spoken.Shepherd (2007) notes that most of the marriage failures happen because of the lack of communication. We can attribute the lack of communication also with the lack of l istening skills in the relationship. Programs to improve communication between individuals in relationships, especially marital relationships, exist to help couples improve their relationship by increasing their communication skills. These programs prove to be helpful in terms of the self-disclosure that happens between individuals in relationships thus the relationship develops (Riesch, et al, 2003). Impact 4Relationship Quality Quality in this context means the satisfaction or value of the relationship which is translated as the openness of the persons involved in the relationship. The increase of value the individuals give to others the relationship improve the quality of their relationship. Studies confirm that relationships increase in value as the individuals in it improve their communication skills (Yalcin & Karahan, 2007). Self-disclosure is in effect one of the aspects that determine relationship quality, in this context- in the marital and romantic relationship.Dion (1998) , conducted a study showing that people who are secure in their relationships, practicing higher self-disclosure with other individuals, have higher relationship satisfaction as compared to those who are insecure or those who lack close communication, self-disclosure with their partners. This study tells us that self-disclosure does not only improve the relationship of the individuals per se, but also improves ones self-image. This can be seen when self-disclosure is practiced and individuals in the relationship affirms the other, thus improving ones self-image and improved communication in the relationship.Mie (2005) further asserted that self-disclosure is also defined as willingness of persons to confide or be open to other individuals. It can then be acknowledged that good self-disclosure in a relationship increases its value, and improves ones self-image in the relationship. And in relations this, listening skills are clearly needed to have good self-disclosure. As self-disclos ure deals with the openness of individuals in a relationship, listening skills are needed to have effective self-disclosure between individuals.Self-disclosure is thus, one of the most important factors affecting the quality of close relationships (Levinger & Rands, 1985). Impact 5 Relationships There are many aspects that may affect relationships. The relationships taken into consideration in this essay are the marital and romantic relationship. Studies show that relationship between parents or couples is one of the most important factors that improve the relationship of the family as a whole, thus the first influence that affects the family relationship is the parents (Riesch, et al, 2003).The relationship between the husband and wife will greatly determine the relationship established in the family. It is crucial for the parents to have a solid, healthy relationship, with the assumption that they have children in the family. Parrott (1995) stated that couples who listen intently at each others opinions and ideas will strengthen the relationship. The more couples practice listening, self-disclosure is easier therefore the relationship will grow (Jorgensen & Gaudy1980).In Parrott’s book, a couple cited tips on how to develop relationship with one another- this was to actively listen to each other. As mentioned above hearing and listening are different concepts. Listening must be practiced in relationships for it to develop. In the romantic relationship between a male and a female, the factors that affect their relationship are somehow similar to that of a marital relationship. The difference may be with the external factors of the relationship.Marital relationships involve external influences: such as conjugal responsibilities of their direct family, financial factors, and others. Zuroff & Duncan (1999) conducted a study about the effect of self-disclosure in college students in romantic relationships, and found out that they are largely influenced by their peers, and unpredictable emotions cause them to easily change their minds about relationships. Thus in this type of relationship, there is a greater need to apply listening skills, to improve the quality of their relationships. Impact 6The same principles of listening skills can be applied for both marital and adult man-woman romantic relationship, to directly improve their self-disclosure and their relationship as a whole. There are many benefits for a healthy relationship between couples and romantic relationships alike. A study even shows how good relationship affects the physiological well-being of the persons in the relationship (Yalcin & Karahan, 2007). Conclusion We have already established the importance of communication skills and its direct effect on relationship quality in marital and romantic relationships as have been mentioned in this essay.Evidences were given to prove the importance of these factors in relation to the marital and adult man-woman romantic relati onships. Based on the studies shown, communication skills, specifically listening skills, have a direct relationship with the quality of the marital and romantic relationship, where as the listening skills improve, so does the practice of self-disclosure in the said relationships. We can also conclude that increased self-disclosure in a relationship improves its value, therefore the relationship develops.Self-disclosure also has positive effects on the individual practicing it, where self-image can be improved compared to those who don’t practice it. Thus, self-disclosure affects not only the relationship at large, but also the individuals practicing it in the relationship. Lastly, relationships in the marital and romantic settings are different in external influences but similar in the need for effective listening skills that causes good self-disclosure in the relationship.